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【公司名称】 广州健仑生物科技有限公司
【市场部】 杨永汉
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【腾讯 】 2042552662
【公司地址】 广州清华科技园创新基地番禺石楼镇创启路63号二期2幢101-103室
皮肤较厚，且含有色素，因而是白里透红或微棕色透红。静脉血因含还原血红蛋白多、氧合血红蛋白少，所以它是暗红色，透过皮肤，就呈现青紫色。手臂上一条一条的一般所称的“青筋”就是静脉。苯胺、硝基苯和亚硝酸盐等化学品可使血红蛋白变为变性血红蛋白，这种血红蛋白本身就是紫色的。因此，凡粘膜、指甲和皮肤里的毛细血管和小动脉里血液的氧合血红蛋白减少，而还原血红蛋白增多或出现变性血红蛋白的时候，都会出现紫绀。
根据引起紫绀的病因不同，临床上将紫绀分为两大类：血液中还原血红蛋白增多引起的紫绀、血液中异常血红蛋白衍生物引起的紫绀。其中，这两类当中数前者zui为多见，也更具有临床意义。下面我们详细进行进一步分类。
血中含有还原血红蛋白增加
根据不同病因引起又可以分为中央型紫绀、周围型紫绀、混合型紫绀。
中央性紫绀（中心性发绀）由于心脏、呼吸系统疾病，导致血氧饱和度降低，临床表现为弥漫性发绀。
心源性发绀：常见于先天性心脏病，如法洛四联症，因为动静脉分流，静脉血未经肺泡即直接进入动脉系统。如分流量占心脏输出量30%以上，则发生发绀。
肺源性发绀：见于肺动脉受损，因为肺泡通气不足、肺通气与肺血流比例失调、肺泡膜氧弥散功能障碍等因素所致。常见的疾病有阻塞性肺气肿、肺炎、肺淤血、肺水肿等。
周围型紫绀
周围型紫绀（周围性发绀）由于周围循环障碍所致。其临床表现特点是发绀常出现于肢体的末端，比如耳垂、颜面等。
静脉淤血：比如下肢静脉栓塞、静脉曲张；
心排血量减少：严重休克时，因为周围血管血流缓慢及血管收缩，导致组织缺血缺氧。
肢体末端循环障碍：如雷诺病、雷诺现象。
周围动脉阻塞：动脉硬化、闭塞性脉管炎等。
混合型紫绀
混合型紫绀（混合性发绀）较为容易理解，即中央型紫绀和周围型紫绀同时存在。比如心功能不全时，因为肺淤血可使血红蛋白氧合不足，同时血流缓慢、周围组织耗氧过多，导致还原血红蛋白增加而出现紫绀。
血液中含有异常血红蛋白
药物及化学物品中毒导致血中异常血红蛋白衍生物的出现亦可形成紫绀，比如肠源性紫绀，高铁血红蛋白血症等。
Thicker skin, and contains pigment, which is white or reddish brown. Venous blood contains more hemoglobin due to reduction, oxygenated hemoglobin less, so it is dark red, through the skin, it appears blue. The generally known "veins" on the arms are veins. Aniline, nitrobenzene and nitrite and other chemicals can make hemoglobin into denatured hemoglobin, the hemoglobin itself is purple. Therefore, where mucosa, nails and small intestine in the capillaries and arterial blood oxygenated hemoglobin decreased, and the reduction of hemoglobin increased or denatured hemoglobin, there will be cyanosis.
According to the different causes of cyanosis, cyanosis is clinically divided into two categories: cyanosis caused by increased hemoglobin in the blood, and cyanosis caused by abnormal hemoglobin derivatives in the blood. Among them, the former two types of the former is the most common, but also more clinically significant. Below we carry out further classification.
Blood contains reduced hemoglobin increased
According to different causes can be divided into central cyanosis, peripheral cyanosis, mixed cyanosis.
Central cyanosis (central cyanosis) due to the heart, respiratory diseases, leading to decreased oxygen saturation, the clinical manifestations of diffuse cyanosis.
Cardiac cyanosis: Common in congenital heart disease, such as tetralogy of Fallot, because arteriovenous shunt, venous blood directly into the arterial system without alveolar. If the sub-flow accounted for more than 30% of cardiac output, the occurrence of cyanosis.
Lung-derived cyanosis: seen in the pulmonary artery damage due to inadequate alveolar ventilation, pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary blood flow imbalance, alveolar oxygen diffusion dysfunction and other factors. Common diseases are obstructive emphysema, pneumonia, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema and so on.
The surrounding cyanosis
Peripheral cyanosis (peripheral cyanosis) due to the surrounding circulatory disorders. The clinical manifestations of cyanosis often appears in the extremities, such as earlobe, face and so on.
Venous congestion: such as lower extremity venous thrombosis, varicose veins;
Cardiac output reduced: severe shock, because of slow peripheral blood flow and vasoconstriction, resulting in tissue ischemia and hypoxia.
Circumferential limbs disorders: such as Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon.
Peripheral artery obstruction: atherosclerosis, occlusive vasculitis and so on.
Mixed cyanosis
Mixed cyanosis (mixed cyanosis) is easier to understand, that is, central cyanosis and peripheral cyanosis exist. Such as cardiac insufficiency, because pulmonary congestion can make hemoglobin oxygen deficiency, while slow blood flow, the surrounding tissue oxygen consumption, resulting in reduction of hemoglobin increased cyanosis.
Blood contains abnormal hemoglobin
Drugs and chemical poisoning lead to abnormal blood hemoglobin derivatives can also form cyanosis, such as gut-derived cyanosis, methemoglobinemia and so on.
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